Text 12935, 85 rader
Skriven 2008-08-28 23:29:00 av JIM WELLER (1:123/140)
     Kommentar till en text av GLEN JAMIESON
Ärende: Re: OT - OIL part 1
===========================
-=> Quoting Glen Jamieson to Jim Weller <=-

 GJ> So why isn't there frantic activity getting the oil sands production

 JW> There is! Billions are being spent

 Make that $100 billion.
 
 GJ> How is the oil extracted?

First, some terminology:

Heavy oil is more viscous than conventional crude; it will flow
slowly but will flow more easily if heated. The usual method is
steam injection down a well hole.

In Canadian English, extra heavy oil or oil sands or tar sands is a
mixture of bitumen in sand. Bitumen is highly viscous and doesn't
flow at all at normal temperatures. Not to be confused with refined
bitumen which is the residual (bottom) fraction obtained by
fractional distillation of crude oil. Refined tar is the black
viscous material obtained from the destructive distillation of coal.
Asphalt is a mixture of mineral aggregate and bitumen (or tarmac).

Oil shale is bitumen embedded in shale which must first be broken up
before any bitumen is extracted.

Bitumen diluted with naphtha will flow in pipelines.

Bitumen upgraded to synthetic crude oil is known as syncrude.

Because extra-heavy oil and bitumen flow very slowly, if at all,
the oil sands must be extracted by strip mining or the oil made to
flow in wells by injecting steam, solvents, and/or hot air into the
sands.

In the Athabasca sands there are very large amounts of bitumen near
the surface covered by just a little muskeg overburden, so it is
surface mined using 100 ton power shovels to scoop and 400 ton dump
trucks to haul it away. Then hot water and caustic soda are and the
slurry is piped to extraction plants where it is agitated and the
oil skimmed from the top.

Bitumen is much thicker than traditional crude oil, so it must be
either mixed with lighter petroleum (either liquid or gas) or
chemically split before it can be transported by pipeline for
upgrading into synthetic crude oil. 75% of the bitumen can be
recovered from sand. After oil extraction, the spent sand and other
materials are then returned to the mine, which is eventually
reclaimed.


MMMMM-----Meal-Master - formatted by MMCONV  2.10

     Title: Nutty Irishman Coffee With A Kick!!!!
Categories: Alcohol, Beverages
  Servings: 1

      5 oz strong hot coffee
      1 oz Baileys Irish Cream
      1 oz Frangelico
      1 oz Kahlua
           Garnish
           whipped cream, to taste
           cinnamon

Ahhh Coffee with Bailey's, Frangelico and Kaluha. The first place I
enjoyed this was at Bennigan's

Fill large coffee mug with Baileys, Frangelico and Kaluha; top with
coffee. Garnish with whipped cream and sprinkle with cinnamon.


  From: Net                             
 
MMMMM-------------------------------------------------

Cheers

YK Jim


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