Text 11625, 68 rader
Skriven 2008-02-27 11:17:27 av Roy Witt (1:397/22)
  Kommentar till text 11611 av Joe Delahaye (3:640/305)
Ärende: Double standards
========================
27 Feb 08 13:06, David Drummond wrote to Joe Delahaye:

 >>>  PS> Smoking tobacco most certainly is an addiction Bob.
 >>>
 >>> If it were an addiction, nobody would be able to quit without going
 >>> to a clinic to be treated.

 JD>> Baloney.  There are people who have quit heroin cold turkey as well.
 JD>> It all depends on the person.  I consider smoking to be an
 JD>> addiction, and I finally did quit cold turkey.  The two times before
 JD>> that ended up in a lot of discomfort, and anxiety.

 DD> http://www.ehealthmd.com/library/smoking/SMO_whatis.html


Cue dependency of nicotine self-administration and smoking
by Caggiula AR, Donny EC, White AR, Chaudhri N, Booth S,
Gharib MA, Hoffman A, Perkins KA, Sved AF. Department of Psychology,

455 Langley Hall, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
tonypsy@pitt.edu

Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2001 Dec;70(4):515-30

ABSTRACT

    A paradox exists regarding the reinforcing properties of nicotine. The
abuse liability associated with smoking equals or exceeds that of other
addictive drugs, yet the euphoric, reinforcing and other psychological
effects of nicotine, compared to these other drugs, are more subtle, are
manifest under more restricted conditions, and do not readily predict the
difficulty most smokers experience in achieving abstinence.

One possible resolution to this apparent inconsistency is that
environmental cues associated with drug delivery become conditioned
reinforcers and take on powerful incentive properties that are critically
important for sustaining smoking in humans and nicotine
self-administration in animals.

We tested this hypothesis by using a widely employed self-administration
paradigm in which rats press a lever at high rates for 1 h/day to obtain
intravenous infusions of nicotine that are paired with two types of visual
stimuli: a chamber light that when turned on signals drug availability and
a 1-s cue light that signals drug delivery.

We show that these visual cues are at least as important as nicotine in
sustaining a high rate of responding once self-administration has been
established, in the degree to which withdrawing nicotine extinguishes the
behavior, and in the reinstatement of lever pressing after extinction.

Additional studies demonstrated that the importance of these cues was
manifest under both fixed ratio and progressive ratio (PR) schedules of
reinforcement. The possibility that nicotine-paired cues are as important
as nicotine in smoking behavior should refocus our attention on the
psychology and neurobiology of conditioned reinforcers in order to
stimulate the development of more effective treatment programs for smoking
cessation.

http://www.biopsychiatry.com/nicotine.html


                R\%/itt



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