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Ärende: Amateur Radio NewslineT Report 1848 - January 11 2013
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Amateur Radio NewslineT Report 1848 - January 11 2013

POSTER's NOTE: Due to an oversight by the ARN news team, the Cambell
Island DX-pedition reported in this week's ARN-1848, took place last
November 28th to December 9th...they chose to delete it from this report
with an updated ARN-1848, but it remains in this copy. You can read more
about and see photos of the dx-pedition by visiting www.campbell2012.com
... Roy

Amateur Radio Newsline report number 1848 with a release date of January
11 2013.

The following is a QST.  Hams down-under respond to wildfires in Tasmania;
the comment deadline set in WRC 07 implementation proceeding; UK
telecommunications regulator OFCOM thanks RSGB for help with 2012 Olympics
and Campbell Island to be activated in November.  Find out the details are
on Amateur Radio NewslineT report number 1848 coming your way right now.

**

RESCUE RADIO:  WICEN RESPONDS TO WILDFIRES IN TASMANIA

Major brush fires in south-east Tasmania, which began on Friday, January
4th continue to burn relentlessly fanned by hot and windy weather.
Amateur Radio Newsline's Jim Meachen, ZL2BHF, is in Nelson, New Zealand,
with the latest:

--

WICEN Tasmania South Secretary, Roger Nichols VK7ARN reports that
operators were sent to the Incident Management Team headquarters
coordinating the firefighting efforts on the Tasman Peninsula and in the
Derwent Valley.  There they helped to run the Tasmanian Fire Service
Communications using its 80MHz system.  This says Nichols is a
communications role in which they are trained.

Nichols said there had been power and communications outages caused by the
fires.  Crews are working in safe areas to restore power and
communications and that WICEN had offered to link the Eaglehawk Neck and
Port Arthur areas.

A search for possible victims has already involved 250 properties. More
than 100 of them, including houses and a school, have been destroyed.

Access to the wild fire affected areas continues to be restricted, as more
hot and windy days are forecast with the major fires out of control.
Victoria State firefighters are now in Tasmania to help with the fires.

For the Amateur Radio Newsline, I'm Jim Meachen, ZL2BHF, reporting.

--

For those not familiar with WICEN, it can best be described as Australia's
version of the United States RACES but with some major differences.  Chief
among these is that WICEN operates as an autonomous body under the
relevant disaster plan in each Australian state or territory.  (VK3PC)

**

RADIO LAW: COMMENT DEADLINE SET IN WRC-07 IMPLEMENTATION PROCEEDING

The ARRL reports that a commentary deadline of February 25th and a reply
comment deadline of March 27th have been announced for rule making dealing
with ET Docket No. 12-338.  This measure deals with implementation
decisions of the 2007 World Radiocommunication Conference and to make
certain other changes.

While most of the 130 page Notice of Proposed Rulemaking and Order does
not directly affect the Amateur and Amateur-Satellite Services, two
sections of the document are of particular interest to the ham radio
community.  Specifically, the FCC proposes to upgrade the Amateur Service
allocation in the upper half of the 160 meter band at 1900 to 2000 kHz
from secondary to primary, while deleting the existing allocation to the
Radiolocation Service.  This is possible, because the re-accommodation of
radiolocation stations displaced by the expansion of the AM broadcasting
band to 1705 kHz has been completed and there are no non-federal
radiolocation stations licensed to operate in the 1900 to 2000 kHz band.

The FCC is also seeking comments on whether, and how, an amateur Low
Frequency allocation might be able to co-exist with Power Line Carrier
systems that are used by electric utilities to monitor and control the
power grid.  The Commission notes that while Powerline Communication
Systems do not have the status of an allocation, they do carry
communications important to the reliability and security of electric
service to the public.  WRC-07 created a new secondary allocation to the
amateur service at 135.7 to 137.8 kHz that already has been implemented in
a number of other countries.

The complete text of the Notice of Proposed Rule Making can be found in
PDF format at tinyurl.com/wrc-07-fcc   (ARRL, FCC)

**

WORLDBEAT:  CENTENARY STATION GB100RSGB NOW ON THE AIR

A 12 month celebration of the founding of the Radio Society of Great
Britain is now underway.  Jeramy Boot, G4NJH, reports from Nottingham in
the U-K:

--

Radio Society of Great Britain Centenary station G100RSGB is now on the
air.  RSGB President Dave Wilson, M0OBW, opened the year long operation of
the RSGB Centenary station, GB100RSGB, on January 1st as it was being
hosted by the Widnes & Runcorn ARC.

Although intentionally a celebration for all to enjoy, there is an
associated RSGB Centenary Award.  The rules for this have been amended
this week to allow contacts with the station to count for points on a
Region/Band basis.

I'm Jeramy Boot, G4NJH, and you are listening to the Amateur Radio
Newsline.

--

Please check www.rsgb.org/centenary for further information.  (GB2RS)

**

WORLDBEAT:  OFCOM THANKS RSGB FOR OLYMPIC HELP

The Radio Society of Great Britain has received a thank-you letter from
U-K telecommunications regulator Ofcom.  This in appreciation for the
national societies assistance in the area of communications during the
London 2012 Olympic Games.

In the note, Ofcom's Peter Bury says that the games have come to an end he
wanted to express his warm thanks and appreciation for the contribution
that the RSGB made to the outstanding success of wireless communications
during the event.

According to Bury, one of the critical challenges for Britain was to find
enough people with the right skills in radio engineering and interference
management to support the needs of the Games.  He says that Ofcom could
not have found enough people from its own resources and we therefore
sought help from you and other agencies to help us find expert staff.

Bury continues his letter by stating that the support of the RSGB for this
initiative introduced Ofcom to people who were very well motivated and
with a high level of technical skill and expertise.  He noted that Ofcom
could not have provided such good service to its customers without the
RSGB's help.

Bury concludes by stating that he thinks the exchange of knowledge between
Ofcom and radio amateurs will be an enduring legacy of the 2012 Olympic
Games and that he sees  this as a model for further fruitful cooperation
between the two organizations.  (RSGB)

**

HAM RADIO IN SPACE:  PHONESAT LAUNCH NOW RESCHEDULED FOR FEBRUARY

The PhoneSat cubesat, originally planned for a December 2012 launch, now
looks like it will fly aboard a new commercial rocket from Orbital
Sciences Corporation in February.  Amateur Radio Newsline's Norm Seeley,
KI7UP, reports:

--

The PhoneSat series of micro sat flights is a technology demonstration
mission ultimately consisting of three 1 Unit CubeSats to be placed
on-orbit in succession.  The flights are intended to prove that a
smartphone can be used to perform many of the functions required of a
spacecraft bus.

The first satellite is built around the Nexus smartphone which will be
running the Android operating system and will be enclosed in a standard 1
Unit cubesat structure.  The main function of the phone is to act as the
Onboard Computer, but the mission will also utilize the phone's Secure
Digital card for data storage.

The bird will also have a 5 Megapixil camera for Earth Observation, and
3-axis accelerometer and 3-axis magnetometer for attitude determination.

Ham radio wise, PhoneSat 1 carries an amateur radio payload that will
downlink on 437.425 MHz.  It must be noted that this overall design  was
chosen as one of the winners in the Aerospace category of Popular Science
magazine "Best of What's New in 2012" awards.  Its also quite a lot of
flight hardware for such a tiny bird.

For the Amateur Radio Newsline, I'm Norm Seeley, KI7UP, in Scottsdale,
Arizona.

--

Also planned for this launch is the commercial DOVE-1 satellite for a
technology demonstration nano satellite based on the triple CubeSat form
factor. Dove-1 plans to transmit its telemetry and image data to the
ground 145.825 MHz in the amateur radio band although this is a commercial
mission.  (ANS, AMSAT-UK)

**

BREAKING DX NEWS:  CAMPBELL ISLAND TO NE ACTIVATED IN NOVEMBER

Some breaking news from the world of DX.  This with word that the Hellenic
Amateur Radio of Association of Australia has announced that it is
organizing a DXpedition to Campbell Island to take place between November
17th through the 30th.

The ZL9HR DXpedition team will consist of a total of nine operators
including VK2IR and VK3YP.  They are  inviting experienced operators who
might like to join the team to contact  to contact  Tommy Horozakis by
e-mail to vk2ir (at) vk2ir (dot) com for more information.

Campbell Island whose prefix is Zed-L9 is Number 15 on the current DXCC
most wanted list.  For updates and further details on this planned
operation please visit www.zl9hr.com on the World Wide Web.  And we will
have more DX news later on in this weeks newscast.  (OPDX)

**

HAMVENTION 2013:  CALL FOR AWARD NOMINATIONS

The Dayton Hamvention is soliciting nominations for its annual awards
program.  Amateur Radio Newsline's Stephen Kinford, N8WB, has the details:

--

There are four Dayton Hamvention award categories that consist of the
Radio Amateur of the Year. the Technical Achievement Award, the Special
Achievement Award, and the Radio Club of the Year.

By way of background, the Amateur of the Year is for the special person
who has made a long term commitment to the advancement of amateur radio.

The Technical Excellence Award is presented to a radio amateur that has
made an outstanding technical advancement in the field of amateur radio.

The Special Achievement Award goes to a ham radio operator who has made an
outstanding contribution to amateur radio primarily by spearheading a
single significant project.

Last but by no means lest, the Club of the Year recognizes an
organizations on several levels. These might be a contribution of
mitigating the effects of disaster situations, support of public service
events, amateur radio education, recruitment, youth programs, years of
service and media coverage.

The cutoff date to submit nominations is February 15th. For the Amateur
Radio Newsline, I'm Stephen Kinford, N8WB, in Wadsworth, Ohio.

--

More information and official nominating forms are now on-line at
www.Hamvention.org/awards.PHP.  (Dayton Hamvention)

**

HAM HAPPENINGS:  DAYTON DX DINNER - MAY 17

And still with Hamvention news, the SouthWest Ohio DX Association has
announced that it will again sponsor the DX Dinner to be held in
conjunction with the Hamvention 2013.

The date for this gathering is Friday, May 17th at the Dayton Marriott
Hotel.  This will be the 28th annual DX dinner and planners say that it is
an excellent opportunity to make new friends, renew old acquaintances, as
well as learn about past DXpeditions and those in the planning stages.
More information is on the Web at www.swodxaevents.org.  (AJ8B)

**

HAM HAPPENINGS:  YOUTH IN AMATEUR RADIO EPISODE 5 READY FOR DOWNLOAD

Episode 5 of the Youth in Amateur Radio Podcast titled The Amateur Radio
Bands, is now ready for download.  Joe Andrews, KD0LOS, one of the Podcast
producers has more:

--

In this episode we discuss the characteristics of the amateur radio bands
and highlight a high school in St.Charles, Missouri, that is in the
process of rebuilding a radio club for its students.

To listen to this episode, visit yarphams.com or look up the Youth in
Amateur Radio Podcast on i-Tunes.

For the Amateur Radio Newsline, I'm Joe Andrews, KD0LOS, for the Amateur
Radio Newsline.

--

The Youth in Amateur Radio Podcast service is produced by a dedicated
group of young hams to serve the needs of young radio amateurs, world
wide.  (YARP)

**

HAM HAPPENINGS:  AMATEUR RADIO ENTERING ITS SECOND CENTURY OF DISASTER
COMMUNICATIONS IS THEME OF WORLD AMATEUR RADIO DAY 2013

The theme for World Amateur Radio Day 2013 is Amateur Radio Entering Its
Second Century of Disaster Communications.

Each year on April 18th, radio amateurs around the world celebrate World
Amateur Radio Day.  In 1913, the first recorded instance of amateur radio
being used to provide communications in a natural disaster took place
during severe flooding in the Midwest of the United States.  This in part
led to the formation of the International Amateur Radio Union in 1925.

Now, event planners say that activities surrounding World Amateur Radio
Day 2013 can be a great opportunity to spread the word about what amateurs
are doing in the field of disaster communications in the 21st Century.
More is on-line at www.iaru-r2.org/world-amateur-radio-day-2013. (IARU)

**

NEW POWER SOURCE:  FUEL CELL TO POWER MICROSOFT EXPERIMENTAL  RESEARCH
FACILITY

The Fuel Cell Energy Corporation has announced a project using a
stationary fuel-cell power plant to support Microsoft's latest data-center
research project.  The power plant will use renewable biogas generated by
a wastewater-treatment facility as the fuel source to generate ultra-clean
and carbon-neutral electricity to power Microsoft's Data-Plant project in
Cheyenne, Wyoming.  This sub-megawatt power-plant project will enable
Microsoft to evaluate the effectiveness of using FuelCell Energy power
plants to efficiently power future sustainable data centers.

The sub-megawatt Direct Fuel Cell power plant will be installed at the Dry
Creek Water Reclamation Facility in Cheyenne, Wyoming by the spring 2013.
The fuel cell plant will provide 200 kilowatts of power for Microsoft's
Data Plant which will be housed in a modular  pre-assembled building that
will the home of a server farm  to recreate a data center environment.

The Direct Fuel Cell power plant will also provide excess power not used
by the data center to the water reclamation facility to offset their
electric costs.  In the event of a grid outage, the Data Plant project and
fuel cell plant will be configured to operate independently to provide
continuous power.  (Fuel Cell Energy Report)

**

RADIO EDUCATION: ANACAPA SCHOOL TO HOLD 3 DAY SPACE RELATED SEMINARS

Students at California's Anacapa School will have several experts on hand
for their annual Synthesis Unit which will explore the topic "Space: Where
Are We Going?"

This year the school has scheduled an all-star lineup of presenters.
These range from astrophysicists and astronomy experts on the cutting edge
of modern interstellar research to specialists who will discuss how
ancient Central American stargazers.  The students will also visit
Vandenberg Air Force Base to learn about space launch operations as part
of their research.  After the three days of presentations, students will
be asked to create academic products designed to synthesize the
information learned during the week with the goal of charting the nation's
future in space.

The annual, three-day event is Anacapa's premier tool for developing
critical thinking skills. Each Unit provides students with unique
opportunities to explore a topic in depth.  Expert speakers make
individual presentations with plenty of time for questions and answers.
More about this special event is on-line at
tinyurl.com/anacapa-space-speakers.  (K6LCM)

**

RADIO MARKETPLACE:  FORMER HAM RADIO COMPANY DATONG HAS NEW BUSINESS

Former amateur radio manufacturer Datong Electronics has been mentioned in
the UK press.  This following a recent $12 million dollar order win.

Datong was formed in 1974 by Dr. D. A. Tong, G8ENN.  The company initially
specialized in the development of Radio Frequency technology for use by
amateur radio operators.

In the late 1970's and early 80's Datong was well known for a number of
successful amateur radio products that included Filters, RF Speech
Processors, Morse Tutor and an HF to VHF receive up-converter.   The
company's final amateur radio product was its 2 Meter Direction Finding
unit known as the D F One that was produced in 1982.  The D F One led
Datong into the security and defense sectors where it found a ready market
for its products in an era of heightened terrorist activity in the UK.  At
that point Datong stopped producing equipment for radio amateurs.

Datong PLC, as it is known today, provides a range of advanced high
performance covert intelligence gathering solutions, supplying defense,
homeland security and law enforcement agencies around the world.  More
about the company and its current products is on-line at www.datong.co.uk.
 (Southgate)

**

NAMES IN THE NEWS:  FIRST 24 GHZ CONTACT BETWEEN USA AND JAPAN

Some names in the news.  First up are W5LUA and JA6CZD reportedly made the
first 24 GHz EME contact between the USA and Japan on January 2nd.

Their QSO took place at 1430 UTC when both stations had about an hour of
common time where each had 15 to 20 degrees of elevation to the Moon.
JA6CZD used a 2.4 meter offset fed dish with a 22 watt transmitter. W5LUA
also used a 2.4 meter offset fed dish and a Traveling Wave Tube mounted on
the feed support providing 100 watts out.

W5LUA's station was GPS locked and JA6CZD uses a Rubidium standard to
control frequency.  The mutual Doppler Shift placed both at about
24048.108 MHz based on a center frequency of 24048.100 MHz.  This shifted
down in frequency as the schedule took place. (ANS, W5LUA)

**

MAMES IN THE NEWS:  KC2UHB ON HAM RADIO EDUCATION

A number of articles written for Make Magazine by Diana Eng, KC2UHB, about
getting started in amateur radio are now available on the web.  These
include  Setting Up a Radio Shack; How-To: Set Up an HF Portable Radio
While Hiking and Seeing Radio Waves With a Light Bulb to mention only
three.  Most of these articles date back to 2009 and 2010 but remain
relevant today.  More information is on-line at blog.makezine.com or
simply do a Google search for Diana Eng.   (Southgate)

**

EMERGING TECHNOLOGY:  NEW SUB MICRO MEMORY UNVEILED

A major breakthrough in magnetic storage for data has been announced.
Amateur Radio Newsline's Jim Damron, N8TMW, has the details:

--

An atomically assembled array of 96 iron atoms containing one byte of
magnetic information in antiferromagnetic states has been announced.

The findings, being reported in the journal Science, could help lead to a
new class of nanomaterials for a generation of memory chips and disk
drives that will not only have greater capabilities than the current
silicon-based computers but will consume significantly less power. And
they may offer a new direction for research in quantum computing.

According to Shan X. Wang, director of the Center for Magnetic
Nanotechnology at Stanford University magnetic materials are extremely
useful and strategically important to many major economies, but there
aren't that many of them.  To make a brand new material is very intriguing
and scientifically very important.

Until now, the most advanced magnetic storage systems have needed about
one million atoms to store a digital 1 or 0. The new achievement is the
product of a heated international race between elite physics laboratories
to explore the properties of magnetic materials at a far smaller scale.

Last May, a group at the Institute of Applied Physics at the University of
Hamburg in Germany reported on the ability to perform computer logic
operations on an atomic level.

The group at I.B.M.'s Almaden Research Center here in the United States
has now created the smallest possible unit of magnetic storage by
painstakingly arranging two rows of six iron atoms on a surface of copper
nitride.  Such closeness is possible because the cluster of atoms is
antiferromagnetic.  This is a rare quality in which each atom in the array
has an opposed magnetic orientation. In common ferromagnetic materials
like iron, nickel and cobalt, the atoms are magnetically aligned.

From Charleston West Virginia, I'm Jim Damron, N8TMW, reporting.

--

As this technology matures it could lead to a major breakthrough in
magnetic based data storage for many industries as well as in future
scientific endeavors.  (Science)

**

WORLDBEAT:  ABORIGINAL RADIO STATION IN CANADA'S NORTHWEST TERRITORIES
GOES DARK

A popular aboriginal radio station in Canada's Northwest Territories is no
longer on the air.

CKLB Radio made the announcement online early Saturday morning, January
5th.  Its posting to the World Wide Web says that as of December 21st, the
society didn't get the promised funding for the 2012 fiscal year, adding
that it is nine months overdue.  Because of this, those in charge of CKLB
have no choice but discontinue the broadcasting service.

The post did not say if or when the station, which broadcasts on 101.9 FM,
might be back on the air.  This Aboriginal radio station is run by the
Native Communications Society of the Northwest Territories.  (RW)

**

HAM RADIO IN SPACE:  CUBESAT LECTURES JAN 29 TO FEB 3 IN BRUSSELS

Lectures on CubeSat Technology and Applications that will be held at von
Karman Institute in Brussels, Belgium from January 29th to February 1st.
In all there will be close to twenty sessions presented by a group of
worldwide experts in this field. Participation is limited to 100 people.
If you wish to attend you must pre-register on-line now at
tinyurl.com/belgium-cubesat-gathering.  (ANS)

**

HAM RADIO IN SPACE:  SKN ON OSCAR 2013 BEST FIST NOMINATIONS DUE

AMSAT is thanking all who participated in Straight Key Night on OSCAR
2013.  It's also requesting that if you have not yet done so to please
take a moment to nominate someone you worked for Best Fist.

According top AMSAT, your nominee need not have the best Morse sending
fist of those you heard, only of those you worked.  Send your nomination
to w2rs (at) amsat (dot) org.  Those nominated will be recognized in an
Amsat News Service bulletin in early February, and in an upcoming AMSAT
Journal.  (ANS)

**

WORLDBEAT:  EUROPEAN DX COUNCIL CONFERENCE SEPT 6 - 9 IN PORTUGAL

This year's European DX Council Conference takes place Friday September
6th to Monday September 9th at Figueira da Foz, near Coimbra, Portugal.
More details will be released in the near future at the EDXC web site at
www.edxc.org  (EDXC)

**

DX

In DX, K4ZW is currently on the air from South Sudan as Zed-81-Zed.  He is
active on High Frequency Bands mostly using CW.  Please QSL via home call
or electronically using Logbook of the World.

SM6CPY will be operational as 9X0PY from Rwanda between January 15th and
the 31st.  Activity will be holiday style on all bands using mainly CW and
listening up 25 kHz.  QSL via his home callsign, direct or by the Bureau.

F6BLP is again be active as 6W7SK from Senegal through January 18th.
Operations are holiday style using an IC-7000 into G5RV antenna operating
mainly CW. QSL via F6BLP, direct or by the bureau.

F5OGL reports that back on March 24th and 25th, 2012, a station operating
as TO4E, and claiming that he was on Europa Island was definitely not
where he claimed to be.  According to F5OGL tells the last TO4E DXpedition
to Europa was in 2003 and there has not been any authorized activity from
this island since.


Lastly, VK2CCC will be active from Lord Howe Island September 22nd to the
29th as VK9LL.  He will focus on 160 and 80 meters.  QSL direct via home
call or electronically using Logbook of the World.

**

THAT FINAL ITEM:  SAVING EARTH FROM AN ASTEROID WITH PAINTBALLS

And finally this week, if an asteroid ever takes aim at our planet one MIT
researcher says that shooting paintball pellets at it could bump it off
its course.  Amateur Radio Newsline's Cheryl Lasek, K9BIK has more:

--

In the event that a giant asteroid is headed toward Earth, you'd better
hope that it's blindingly white.   Why you ask?  This is because one
researcher believes that such a pale colored asteroid would reflect
sunlight.  So by bouncing a lot of photons off its surface could create
enough of a force to push the asteroid into a different direction.

Sung Wook Paek is a graduate student in MIT's Department of Aeronautics
and Astronautics.  He says that if timed just right, pellets full of paint
powder, launched in two rounds from a spacecraft at relatively close
distance, would cover the front and back of an asteroid.  This would more
than double its reflectivity.  Paek claims that the initial force from the
pellets might bump an asteroid off course and that over time, the sun's
photons would deflect it even more.

But there are a few caveats.  From his calculations, Paek estimates that
it would take up to 20 years for the cumulative effect of solar radiation
pressure to successfully pull the asteroid off an Earthbound trajectory.
He also says that launching pellets with traditional rockets may not be an
ideal option, as the violent takeoff may rupture the payload. Instead, he
envisions paintballs may be made in space, in ports such as the
International Space Station.  There a spacecraft could then pick up a
couple of rounds of pellets to deliver to the asteroid.

Paek's paper detailing this unconventional strategy won the 2012 Move an
Asteroid Technical Paper Competition.  This is an award sponsored by the
United Nations' Space Generation Advisory Council, which solicits creative
solutions to space-related problems from students and young professionals.


The challenge put forth by this year's U.N. competition was to identify
novel solutions for safely deflecting a near-Earth object, such as an
asteroid.  Scientists have proposed a wide variety of methods to avoid an
asteroid collision.  Some suggested launching a projectile or spacecraft
to collide with an incoming asteroid.  Other suggested detonating a
nuclear bomb near an asteroid or equipping spacecraft as "gravity
tractors," using a craft's gravitational field to pull an asteroid off its
path.   But when the judging was complete, Paek's paintball strategy was
deemed among the most novel approaches presented to date.

For the Amateur Radio Newsline, I'm Cheryl Lasek, K9BIK, in Zion,
Illinois.

--

Researcher Paek recently presented his paper at the International
Astronautical Congress in Naples, Italy.  More about this theoretical way
to deflect an asteroid off its trajectory is on-line at
tinyurl.com/asteroid-paintball.  (MIT, Science OnLine, others)

**

NEWSCAST CLOSE

With thanks to Alan Labs, AMSAT, the ARRL, the CGC Communicator, CQ
Magazine, the FCC, the Ohio Penn DX Bulletin, Radio Netherlands, Rain, the
RSGB, the Southgate News, TWiT-TV and Australia's W-I-A News, that's all
from the Amateur Radio NewslineT.  Our e-mail address is newsline (at)
arnewsline (dot) org.  More information is available at Amateur Radio
Newsline'sT only official website located at www.arnewsline.org.  You can
also write to us or support us at Amateur Radio NewslineT, 28197 Robin
Avenue, Santa Clarita California, 91350

For now, with Bill Pasternak, WA6ITF, at the editors' desk, I'm Skeeter
Nash, N6ASH, saying 73 and we thank you for listening.

Amateur Radio NewslineT is Copyright 2012.  All rights reserved.

------------------------------------




         R\%/itt


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