Text 209, 299 rader
Skriven 2005-12-08 11:08:00 av BOB KLAHN (1:123/140)
Kommentar till en text av GEORGE POPE
Ärende: De Nyew Testament
=========================
In answer to this question I looked up a webpage with a lot of
info on the subject. I am cross posting it as this seems to
answer most of the questions.
This also applies largely to Ebonics. The big difference being,
the Gullah Islands were more isolated, so the dialect survived
better.
GP> On (07 Dec 05) BOB KLAHN wrote to GEORGE POPE...
BK>> GP> Yours was Cajun?
BK>> No, Gullah.
GP> What's that?
Googled for "gullah". This is one of the first that came up.
http://www.co.beaufort.sc.us/bftlib/gullah.htm
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Beaufort, SC
Beaufort County Public Library
The Gullah Dialect
and Sea Island Culture
Part I:
The Gullah Dialect
by Dennis Adams Information Services Coordinator
and Hillary Barnwell Beaufort Branch Manager
...
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Background:
Gullah is a creole form of English, indigenous to the Sea
Islands of South Carolina and Georgia (the area extends from
Georgetown, SC to the Golden Isles of Georgia above Florida).
Like all creoles, Gullah began as a pidgin language,
transforming into a language in its own right with the first
generation born in America. A similar form of plantation creole
may have been widespread at one time in the southern United
States, but Gullah now differs from other African-American
dialects of English (which do not vary greatly from the standard
syntax, pronunciation and vocabulary). Though creole languages
the world over share a surprisingly similar structure, the
speakers of one creole can seldom understand speakers of another
on first contact.
According to David Crystal in The Cambridge Encyclopedia of
Language, the word "comes from Portuguese crioulo and originally
meant a person of European descent who had been born and brought
up in a colonial territory. Later, it came to be applied to
other people who were native to these areas, and then to the
kind of language they spoke." Creole languages have been spoken
on every inhabited continent, and are "English based," "French
based" ? even "Romany based" like Sheldru, used by Gypsies in
England. Krio <#Krio>, spoken in Sierra Leone, is just one
example of an English-based creole with many similarities to
Gullah -- the creole language of the Sea Islands.
Most of Gullah vocabulary is of English origin, but the grammar
and major elements of pronunciation come from a number of West
African language, such as Ewe, Mandinka, Igbo, Twi and Yoruba.
The name, "Gullah", itself probably derives from "Angola" (and
possibly from the large number of slaves who arrived from that
part of Africa in the early 1800s). "Geechee" -- another name
for the language and culture of black Sea Islanders -- comes
from a tribal name in Liberia. Traditions, language and myth
stayed longer with the coastal Carolina Gullahs, who were
allowed a greater latitude of self-sufficiency and were
relatively isolated on the Sea Islands.
Most Beaufort slaves in the first decades of the 1800s may have
been first-generation African arrivals. So it was not merely
the remoteness of the Sea Islands that preserved the African
culture and language influences among Gullah speakers. 23,773
slaves came to South Carolina from Africa between 1804 through
1807, and 14,217 of these originated from Angola, Congo, or
"Congo and Angola". The newly arrived slaves breathed new life
into African traditions already established on the islands. A
new infusion of pidgin influences would have had a profound
impact on the existing creole language.
As with many minority languages the world over, television,
education and increased social contact have all undermined
Gullah to a large extent. Gullah speakers now use various Black
American English dialects in dealings with non-Islanders, though
Gullah is the language of home, family and community. Whatever
its fate as a living vernacular, Gullah will live on with the
general public as the language of Uncle Remus in Joel Chandler
Harris's Bre'r Rabbit tales and of the fiction of South
Carolina's Ambrose E. Gonzales.
Sources:
*
The African American Encyclopedia. Marshall Cavendish, 1993.
*
Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Volume I: North America. G. K.
Hall & Co., 1991.
*
The History of Beaufort County, South Carolina: Volume 1,
1514-1861 by Lawrence S. Rowland, Alexander Moore and George C.
Rogers, Jr. University of South Carolina Press, 1996.
*
"Vignettes of African-American History" [Paper given at the
"Lowcountry Traditions and Transitions Symposium at the
University of South Carolina at Beaufort, October 4, 1997] by
Hillary S. Barnwell, Beaufort County Public Library Beaufort
Branch Manager. © 1997, Hillary S. Barnwell.).
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Some Examples of Gullah:
The words, goober (peanut), gumbo and yam all have
West-African/Gullah roots. The following example is a Gullah
rendition of a familiar text (spelling has been greatly
simplified from a transcription in phonetic symbols -- the
actual Gullah pronunciation differs much more than this
simplification indicates):
Ow-uh farruh, hu aht in heh-wm, hallow-ed be dy name, dy
kingdom come, dy will be done on ut as it done in heh-wn. Jih-w
us dis day ow-uh daylih bread, an fejih-w dohz truspuss ajens
us. Lead us not into temptation, but dihlih-wuh us fum all ting
like e-wull. Dyne dih kingdom, pahwuh, an dy glorih.
Our Father, who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name, thy kingdom
come, thy will be done on earth as it done in heaven. Give us
this day our daily bread, and forgive those trespass against us.
Lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from all thing like
evil. Thine the kingdom, power and thy glory.
A Few Gullah Expressions:
beat on ayun: "mechanic"; literally, "beat-on-iron"
troot ma-wt: "a truthful person"; literally, "truth mouth"
hush ma-wt: "hush mouth"; literally, "hush mouth"
sho ded: "cemetery"; literally, "sure dead"
tebl tappa: "preacher"; literally, "table-tapper"
ty oonuh ma-wt: "Hush, stop talking"; literally, "Tie your mouth"
krak teet: "to speak"; literally, "crack teeth"
i han shaht pay-shun: "He steals"; literally, "His hand is short of
patience"
Source:
*
Africanisms in the Gullah Dialect by Lorenzo D. Turner. Arno
Press, 1969.
Gullah and Krio
Compare these versions of Luke 6:29 in Gullah and Krio, an
English-based creole language <#creole> spoken in Sierra Leone:
GULLAH
(Sea Island Translation and Literacy Team version):
Ef anybody knock one side ob oona face, mus ton de oda side an
leh um knock de oda side too. Ef somebody take oona coat, mus
gem oona shat too.
KRIO
(Lutheran Bible Translators version):
If enibodi slap una na wan ja, una fo ton di oda wan gi am fo
mek i slap insef. If enibodi tek una klos we ana wer pantap,
una fo gi am di wan we de botom, mek ih tek insef.
BIBLE
(Revised Standard version):
To him who strikes you on the cheek, offer the other also; and
from him who takes away your cloak, do not withhold your coat
as well.)
Source:
*
The Legacy of Ibo Landing: Gullah Roots of African American
Culture, edited by Marquetta L. Goodwine. Clarity Press, 1998.)
Gullah Links on the Internet:
http://www.knowitall.org/gullahnet
*
An Abridged Gullah Dictionary
<http://www.gullahtours.com/gullah_dictionary.html>
from Gullah Tours of Charleston
*
Avery Research Center for African American History & Culture
<http://www.cofc.edu/%7Eaveryrsc/>(http://www.cofc.edu/~averyrsc/)
of the College of Charleston , an archives and small museum
established to document, preserve and make public the unique
historical and cultural heritage of South Carolina Lowcountry
African Americans.
* Explore Gullah Culture in South Carolina with Aunt
Pearlie-Sue! <http://www.knowitall.org/gullahnet> Children and
adults can listen to the Gullah language, and hear stories and
music on this SCETV Commission Web page.
*
Gullah/Geechee Sea Island Coalition
<http://members.aol.com/queenmut/GullGeeCo.html>
(http://members.aol.com/queenmut/GullGeeCo.html)
*
Gullah Net <http://www.knowitall.org/gullahnet>
(http://www.knowitall.org/gullahnet) from Knowitall.org and SC
ETV. Explore Gullah culture with Aunt Pearlie-Sue: music,
folktales and sound files of Gullah words. The site includes
bibliographies, teacher resources, Web links, and other
resources.
* Gullah Sentinel
<http://users.aol.com/gullgeeco/Gullah_Sentinel.html>
(http://users.aol.com/gullgeeco/Gullah_Sentinel.htm) (Beaufort,
SC)
*
Gullah Prayers <http://www.gullahtours.com/prayers.html>
(http://www.gullahtours.com/prayers.html) from Gullah Tours of
Charleston.
*
Introducing Folknography: A Study of Gullah Culture
<http://www.southern.ohiou.edu/folknography/gullah/index.htm>
A Web site Dr. Charles W. Jarrett and Dr. David Lucas of Ohio
State University, incorporating the principles of folknography,
which "search(es) for the 'voice of the people,' listening
carefully for ?emergent themes? and ?collective interpretations?
of a particular ?folk'" (particular population or specific
ethnic group), toward "an 'empathetic understanding' of their
attitudes, their beliefs, their values, their views, their
rituals, and their mode of interactive communication."
*
A Little Lesson in Gullah
<http://www.gullahtours.com/phrases.html>
"Som' Gullah fuh unrabble yuh mout' wid" ("Some Gullah to talk
with") from Gullah Tours of Charleston.
*
Penn Center
<http://www.angelfire.com/sc/jhstevens/penncenter.html>
(http://www.angelfire.com/sc/jhstevens/penncenter.html)
onSt. Helena Island, Beaufort County, SC.
*
Ron and Natalie Daise Web site
<http://www.gullahgullah.com/meet2.html>
from the creators of Nickelodeon's "Gullah, Gullah Island"
children's television series. This link takes you to Ron and
Natalie's list of Gullah Web links (Click on Learn more about
Gullah culture and Beaufort, South Carolina!").
*
South Carolina ? African-Americans ? Culture, Heritage
<http://www.sciway.net/afam/culture.html>
(http://www.sciway.net/afam/culture.html) A directory of links
from SCIway, "South Carolina's Information Highway".
(http://www.southern.ohiou.edu/folknography/gullah/index.htm):
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BOB KLAHN bob.klahn@sev.org http://home.toltbbs.com/bobklahn
... They're all our people, there's only one human race.
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